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Red-haired Galileo was a very gifted person. Already at 23, the son of a poor nobleman from the city of Pisa was appointed professor at the University of Pisa, where he began to give lectures on mathematics and philosophy.
In 1592, he moved to Padua and for 18 years was a professor at a local university. It was here that the main discoveries were made that brought him world fame. It was here that he began the struggle for the Copernican system, the justice of which, probably, he still believed in Pisa, but the defense of which he considered very difficult.
The fact is that while still a student who was forced to study the geocentric theory of Ptolemy, who believed that all the planets and the Sun revolve around the Earth, Galileo found this theory not convincing. Having become a professor, Galileo began to develop his own theory of motion of celestial bodies, studied new principles of mechanics, including the theory of motion on an inclined plane, the theory of free fall, the flight of a body along a parabola at an angle to the horizon, when it is thrown, figured out the oscillations of the pendulum. But he did not publish his work anywhere. And he was even forced to teach Ptolemy's theory at the university, which he himself did not believe in. However, she was listed in the official training program. Galileo knew perfectly well that at least he would say a word against Ptolemy from the pulpit, as he would instantly fly out of the university. And he felt the way to science as a career option, as the quickest way, thanks to his own mind, to achieve status in society and wealth.
Therefore, he spent a lot of effort not only on purely scientific research, but on applied inventions and developments that had commercial value. For example, he improved the telescope. Seeing this invention of the Dutch in Venice, he immediately realized that in front of him was not only an instrument of knowledge of the Universe, but also a device that could make good money. Galileo set up production of telescopes for sailors, merchants and travelers and began to sell tools. Clearly, not at a loss ...
And in the evenings, he not only looked at the night sky, examining, for example, the Moon and other planets, but also thought about the structure of the Universe, in particular, the Solar system.
The emergence of heliocentric theory is usually still associated with the name of Nikolai Copernicus, whose book, by the way, was translated by Galileo. But it was not Copernicus who opened it. The first heliocentric system was invented by Aristarchus of Samos in Ancient Greece. And Galileo was well aware of this.
However, he also knew that the Christian church adopted the geocentric concept of Aristotle and Ptolemy as an officially approved point of view. And it's dangerous to argue with the dogmas of the church. And Galileo accumulated strength, was looking for opportunities to express a different point of view without stepping on diseased corns.
Since 1610, a new stage in the life of a scientist begins. The struggle for the recognition of the correctness of Copernicus, as Galileo suggested, was very difficult. Supporters of old dogmas did not want to realize their wrongness in the face of new scientific facts. On the contrary, they went on a decisive offensive. The teachings of Copernicus were smashed in church sermons. At the same time, Galileo also got it, because rumors that he adheres to a similar point of view, nevertheless, spread widely enough.
In the end, the Pope himself became interested in the stubborn scientist. Galilee was summoned to Rome. An old sick man (he was already about 70 years old at that time) asks for a postponement in order to improve his health. But dad is relentless, and the scientist is brought to him on a stretcher. An investigation of the Inquisition begins, which lasts three months. And all this time, Galileo is subjected to "rigorous testing."