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Russian Emperor Alexander I believed that it was not enough to take revenge on Napoleon for the defeat and humiliation of previous years by one exile from Russia. The king needed a complete victory over the enemy. At this point, Russia, Prussia, Sweden and England joined together in the sixth coalition to end the Napoleonic capture of Europe. And Alexander I dreamed of leading the coalition and becoming its leader.
February 27, 1813 the main forces of the Russian army entered Berlin. A week later, Dresden fell. Soon, through the joint efforts of Russian and Prussian militias, the territory of central Germany was cleared of the French.
Meanwhile, the first major battles between the Allies and Napoleon at Lucene (May 2) and Bautzen (May 20–21) ended in victory for the French. A truce was later concluded, which in August was interrupted by Napoleon himself, who had gathered troops to continue the struggle. This circumstance forced Austria, which had not previously adjoined the enemies of the emperor, to declare war on him on August 12 and take the side of the sixth coalition.
But this did not prevent the brilliant commander Napoleon from winning the victory near Dresden on August 27, 1813. The allies were defeated and began to retreat randomly. Their losses were three times more than the French. The French general Moro was mortally wounded, an adviser to the headquarters of the forces of the anti-French coalition, who, becoming an opponent of Napoleon, emigrated from France back in 1804.
Among the allied monarchs, a panic began, inspired by the ghost of the new Austerlitz. However, luck turned its back on Bonaparte.
Two days later, another battle took place in the Kulm region, involving 32,000 French under the command of General Vandam and 45,000 Austrians and Russians, as well as a small Prussian detachment under the command of Prince Schwarzenberg, who was retreating after the defeat at Dresden. Trying to stop the persecution, the Prussians occupied Kulm, from where Wandam soon knocked them out. However, the next day, not receiving the expected reinforcements, Vandam was forced to go on the defensive and, attacked from the front by the Austrians and Russians, and from the rear by the Prussians, was utterly defeated, losing 6,000 people killed, 7,000 prisoners and 48 guns. At the same time, he himself was wounded and captured. Allied forces lost about 6,000 people.
After that, the Allies again perked up and began to concentrate forces near Leipzig for a decisive battle.
On October 16, 1813, on the plain near the city of Leipzig, one of the greatest battles of the Napoleonic Wars began, which went down in history under the name "Battle of the Peoples".
According to various sources, by the beginning of the battle Napoleon had from 155 to 175 thousand people and 717 guns, allies - about 200 000 people and 893 guns.
The battle began at 10 am with the cannonade of the Allied batteries and the Allied offensive in the village of Wachau (Vashau). In this direction, Napoleon concentrated several large batteries and infantry forces, which repelled all the allied attacks. At this time, the center of the Bohemian army tried to cross the Place river in order to strike around the left flank of the French. However, the opposite bank of the river was full of guns and French arrows, which well-aimed fire forced the Allied forces to retreat.
In the first half of the day in all sections of the battle the battle was with varying success. In some places, the Allies managed to capture several sections of the enemy’s defense, but the French, straining their forces, switched to counterattacks and threw the enemy back to their original positions. At the first stage of the battle, the Allies failed to break the courageous resistance of the French and achieve decisive success anywhere. Moreover, skillfully organizing the defense of his positions, Napoleon prepared a foothold for the decisive advance and breakthrough of the Union center by 3 p.m.